Electron Exit Time: Electrons Get Real

(Quantum tunneling and High harmonic generation)

 

Physicists are perfectly aware that the microscopic behavior of electrons cannot be understood without the laws of quantum theory. When scientists trace the dynamics of subatomic phenomena, they like to ask questions that are motivated by a classical, non-quantum perspective. In this spirit, researchers determine the exact time the electron exits the atoms that are irradiated by a short flash of laser light. The existence of such an exit time is seemingly counter intuitive, given that electrons are described  by wavefunctions  that extend  smoothly from the inside to the outside of atoms, some part of the electron is always outside the atom.

The emission of electrons in Shafir and Colleagues’ experiment is a consequence of quantum tunneling. The applied laser field changes the potential energy profile, experienced by the electrons, forming a finite barrier, which classical Newtonian particles are not able to penetrate, but  which can be tunneled across by electrons.  A similar process forms the basis of scanning tunneling microscopy: electrons tunnel between surface of objects and the tip of the microscope. Tunneling occurs because electron wavefunctions encompass both sides of a potential barrier, so what is the meaning of an exit time?

Shafir and colleagues’ report suggests that high- harmonic emissions from helium atoms are described by ‘quantum orbits’. This means that tunneling proceeds in imaginary time ( the imaginary part of time as defined by a complex number), but electron moves as a classical particle in ‘real’ time, once it has excited the atom. At the start of its real time journey, the electron counter intuitively moves toward the parent ion.

The superposition of the many different associated electron trajectories form a quantum mechanical wave packet- a short ‘pulse’ of travelling wave activity- for emitted electrons. The result of Shafir and colleagues’ experiment is in excellent agreement to the ‘quantum orbit model’. Just the imaginary part of time changes for the electron as it tunnels through a potential barrier; time becomes real valued-only at the exit of the tunnel. This real time is the exit time measured by Shafir and colleagues’. It is the time electrons start to feel the effect of the probe-  field.

By facilitating the real time observations of attosecond electron dynamics, this approach will increasingly compete with ultrafast spectroscopic techniques in which molecules are directly probed by attosecond light pulses.

 

                                                                                   (Ref. Shafir et al., Nature. vol. 485, 2012)

Stability of Photons

                                                                                                                                                                 

Light Photons

While a non-zero photon mass has been under theoretical and experimental study for years, the possible implication of a finite life time of a photon remains a point to discuss. The tight experimental upper bound of the photon mass restricts the kinematically allowed final states of photon decay to the lightest neutrinos or particles beyond standard model if this channel is the concern of experimental studies.

A non-zero photon mass is often dismissed on theoretical grounds as insertion of mass term into QED calculations breaks gauge invariance and might therefore disturbs renormalizability. i.e. consistency of the theory at quantum level.

The question of a photon mass in QED is then purely experimental as there is no dispute over a small mass assigned to the photon (m>0) [This would take Electroweak gauge group SU(2)_LX U(1)_γ   ---- the hypercharge U(1)_γ,  that can be used for calculations. ] The resulting mass for the hypercharge gauge boson eventually generates again a massive photon.

Particles beyond the standard model could not only increase the rate of γ -->  v₁ v₂ , but also serve as final states  themselves, as some extensions to the standard model feature additional massless states, for example, sterile neutrinos, hidden photons, Goldstone bosons and axions. These weakly sub- eV particles are less constrained than neutrinos and photon decay could be the indirect or direct effect of these states. Although, mainly of academic interest we mention that a massive photon provides the possibility of faster-than-light particles- and a decaying photon always predicts them.

The question of photon decay is therefore relevant even if the lightest neutrinos have an inaccessible heavy final state.

                                           (Ref. Julian Heeck, How stable is the photon? Phy. Rev. Letters,2013)

The Octaves of Light

                                                                      The light beam

                                                                    Stream of light

The topmost note, for example (0.0, violet)
has a frequency (F) of 7.8e14 cycles per second, or Hertz,
and a duration (D) which is the reciprocal of that frequency (1/F)
or 1.3e-15 seconds per cycle.

(Scientific notation compresses 780,000,000,000,000 to 7.8 * 10^14, and then further to 7.8e14, where 'e' stands for 'exponent'. And 1.3 * 10^-15 is thus 0.000,000,000,000,001,3 . These two numbers multiplied together equal one, aka 1.0e0.)

Light at this frequency has a wavelength (L) of 3.8e-7 meters
but sound at the same frequency, traveling 850,000 times slower
would have a wavelength 850,000 times shorter (about 20 octaves)
which wavelength we'll call 'S': 4.5e-13 meters.
Since light of this wavelength would be considered gamma radiation,
we might call the equivalent sound 'acoustic gamma'.

(The speed of sound in air depends on the temperature: to get the mnemonically-handy ratio of 850,000, we have to specify air at body temperature, 98.6°F or 37°C.)

First octave:

0.0   F=7.8e14Hz   L=3.8e-7m   I=380bytes   S=4.5e 13m   D=1.3e 15seconds

3.8e-7 meters (L) is 380 nanometers (nm) or 3800 Angstroms. An Angstrom is the distance spanned by a small atom, so the wavelength of violet light is comparable to a row of 3800 atoms. A stretch of DNA 380 nanometers long would be able to encode 380 amino acids. If we ever decide to use DNA for data storage ('I' for information) we could fit 380 bytes into the same stretch. This is the approximate length of the Lord's Prayer in its more-or-less original Greek.

4.5e-14 meters (S) is 45 femtometers, where ten protons or neutrons span one femtometer, so the wavelength of sound at the frequency of violet light, in air at 37°C, is as wide as 450 neutrons. This is much bigger than the largest atomic nucleus, but much smaller than the smallest atom. ('Strings' are believed to be so much smaller than neutrons that this same distance could hold 5e22 strings.)

For Example:

D: age of humans with fire

95.4   F=1.5e-14Hz   L=2.0e22m   S=2.4e16m   D=2.1e06years

95.5   F=1.4e-14Hz   L=2.2e22m   S=2.5e16m   D=2.3e06years

L: Sun to Andromeda galaxy

95.6   F=1.3e-14Hz   L=2.3e22m   S=2.7e16m   D=2.4e06years

95.7   F=1.2e-14Hz   L=2.5e22m   S=2.9e16m   D=2.6e06years

95.8   F=1.1e-14Hz   L=2.6e22m   S=3.1e16m   D=2.8e06years

95.9   F=1.1e-14Hz   L=2.8e22m   S=3.4e16m   D=3.0e06years

S: Sun to Alpha Centauri

96.3   F=8.0e-15Hz   L=3.7e22m   S=4.4e16m   D=4.0e06years

96.4   F=7.5e-15Hz   L=4.0e22m   S=4.7e16m   D=4.2e06years

S: Sun to Saturn

81.5   F=2.3e-10Hz   L=1.3e18m   S=1.6e12m   D=1.4e02years

81.6   F=2.1e-10Hz   L=1.4e18m   S=1.7e12m   D=1.5e02years

D: oldest tortoise

81.7   F=2.0e-10Hz   L=1.5e18m   S=1.8e12m   D=1.6e02years

F: Neptune's year

81.8   F=1.9e-10Hz   L=1.6e18m   S=1.9e12m   D=1.7e02years

81.9   F=1.7e-10Hz   L=1.7e18m   S=2.0e12m   D=1.8e02years

82   F=1.6e-10Hz   L=1.9e18m   S=2.2e12m   D=2.0e02years

82.1   F=1.5e-10Hz   L=2.0e18m   S=2.4e12m   D=2.1e02years

82.2   F=1.4e-10Hz   L=2.1e18m   S=2.5e12m   D=2.3e02years

F: Pluto's year

82.3   F=1.3e-10Hz   L=2.3e18m   S=2.7e12m   D=2.4e02years

82.4   F=1.2e-10Hz   L=2.5e18m   S=2.9e12m   D=2.6e02years

82.5   F=1.1e-10Hz   L=2.6e18m   S=3.1e12m   D=2.8e02years

82.6   F=1.1e-10Hz   L=2.8e18m   S=3.3e12m   D=3.0e02years

82.7   F=9.9e-11Hz   L=3.0e18m   S=3.6e12m   D=3.2e02years

82.8   F=9.3e-11Hz   L=3.2e18m   S=3.8e12m   D=3.4e02years

82.9   F=8.7e-11Hz   L=3.5e18m   S=4.1e12m   D=3.7e02years

83   F=8.1e-11Hz   L=3.7e18m   S=4.4e12m   D=3.9e02years

L: Sun to Pleiades

83.1   F=7.5e-11Hz   L=4.0e18m   S=4.7e12m   D=4.2e02years

D: age of science

83.2   F=7.0e-11Hz   L=4.3e18m   S=5.0e12m   D=4.5e02years

D: age of Reformation

83.3   F=6.6e-11Hz   L=4.6e18m   S=5.4e12m   D=4.8e02years

SI: all human thoughts, ever

81.1   F=3.0e-10Hz   L=1.0e18m   S=1.2e12m   D=1.1e02years

81.2   F=2.8e-10Hz   L=1.1e18m   S=1.3e12m   D=1.1e02years

F: human generation

79.1   F=1.2e-09Hz   L=2.5e17m   S=2.9e11m   D=2.6e01years

S: Sun to Earth

78.3   F=2.1e-09Hz   L=1.4e17m   S=1.7e11m   D=1.5e01years

78.4   F=2.0e-09Hz   L=1.5e17m   S=1.8e11m   D=1.6e01years

78.5   F=1.8e-09Hz   L=1.6e17m   S=1.9e11m   D=1.7e01years

F: transits of Venus

77.5   F=3.7e-09Hz   L=8.2e16m   S=9.7e10m   D=8.7e00years

77.6   F=3.4e-09Hz   L=8.8e16m   S=1.0e11m   D=9.3e00years

L: Sun to Alpha Centauri

76.6   F=6.8e-09Hz   L=4.4e16m   S=5.2e10m   D=4.6e00years

F: ave. asteroid's year

76.7   F=6.4e-09Hz   L=4.7e16m   S=5.6e10m   D=5.0e00years

76.8   F=5.9e-09Hz   L=5.1e16m   S=6.0e10m   D=5.3e00years

76.9   F=5.5e-09Hz   L=5.4e16m   S=6.4e10m   D=5.7e00years

F: human cell culture 2x

65.6   F=1.4e-05Hz   L=2.1e13m   S=2.5e07m   D=2.0e01hours

65.7   F=1.3e-05Hz   L=2.3e13m   S=2.7e07m   D=2.1e01hours

65.8   F=1.2e-05Hz   L=2.5e13m   S=2.9e07m   D=2.3e01hours

65.9   F=1.1e-05Hz   L=2.6e13m   S=3.1e07m   D=1.0e00days

                                                                                        (ref. Jorn Barger, March 2005)

How Einstein could be wrong!

However, it is not clear how the electron manages the rotational motion implied by its spin. If the electron had a radius, the implied surface would have to be moving faster than the speed of light, violating the theory of relativity. And experiments show that the electron does not have a radius; it is thought to be a pure point particle with no surface or substructure that could possibly spin.

In 1928, British physicist Paul Dirac showed that the spin of the electron is intimately related to the structure of space-time. His elegant argument combined quantum mechanics with special relativity, Einstein's theory of space-time (famously represented by the equation E=mc²).Dirac's equation, far from merely accommodating spin, actually demands it. But while showing that relativistic quantum mechanics requires spin, the equation does not give a mechanical picture explaining how a point particle manages to carry angular momentum, nor why this spin is two-valued.

 

Values of The Fundamental constants of Physics:

 

 

Amplitudes of Earth and Sun's occilatory motion:

 

 

 

 

 

Equatorial coordinates: Time of observation

 

 

Time to consider.........!

 

 

 

 

Boson wave function: Laughing matter

Charge wave density (CWD), fluctuating waves affect superconductivity thus fluctuation in Higgs field can be measured as peaks.

Bosons wave functions I = Equations are waiting.....

E ~  q²ρ²/2m . A² + A²/2m

ІΨІ2= ρ2 density, disrupted cooper pairs to facilitate strong and weak interactions  1:3         3:1 

Q= T+Y/3

Non-zero vacuum density

E tends to zero

Zero gauge field, particle with positive parity J what is zero in gauge is non zero in other, gauge invariance, rotate the real and imaginary parts of the field. super symmetry  gauginos , symmetry breaking , neutralinos , 1:3 bb- data, majorana fermions , the parity of particle depends on particle speed and particle spin determines its trap. Change in particle spin, escape, disintegrate! Long range spin-spin interaction, the new force, spinon-holon, dimensional change.  Photons accumulate to give L false peak. Change in field and phase, dimensions, one point to another point. Hey, Higgs is very dense field and its mass is equivalent to biomolecule Thymine.  Hope, that other super symmetry particles are equivalent to the mass of hormones.

                                                      

                                                                 Higgs decay channel

 

   

                   t t^ - fusion                                                                         

                                            

Hoping for next year…………!

                        

                                                              

Theory of Everything: Beyond the Higgs

Nobel Laureate Martinus Veltman says, accelerators may well find direct evidence of Higgs boson and show that the motivations for postulating its existence are correct, but he didn’t believe that things would be so simple. He said, “I must point out that this doesn’t mean that the entire standard model is wrong. Rather, the standard model is probably only an approximation –albeit-a good one of reality.” Even though the only legitimate reason for introducing the Higgs boson is to make the standard model mathematically consistent, much attention has been given to conceptually easier proposal that the particle generates masses of all the fundamental particles.

                                           

Central to an understanding of how Higgs particle would generate mass is the concept of a field. Fields generally make themselves felt by means of the exchange of a mediating particle; the particle that mediates the electromagnetic field, for example, is the photon or quantum of light. The mediating particles of the gravitational field, the weak field and the strong field, are respectively the graviton, three weak vector bosons, called the W⁺, W^- and Z⁰, particles and eight gluons. In a somewhat analogous way, the Higgs boson is the mediating particle of the proposed Higgs field.

  

There could be both scalar and vector fields. The Higgs boson is called a scalar boson, in terms of interacting with vector bosons, the force by which particles couple must be a new force, which could be long range spin-spin interactions. The spin of scalar boson is 0, vector bosons have spin 1. Higgs force is however a 

weaker and has a shorter range than the “fifth force”.

Introduction of Higgs field destroys the nature of space-time, Einstein had spoken, it is curved. That vacuum without Higgs field is curved in a negative sense; it has a cosmological constant with a negative sign. Introduction of Higgs field flatten out space to make precisely the universe as we know it.

The SU(5) grand unified theory seeks to bind the strong force and electroweak force into on common force; the designation SU(5) refers to the mathematical group of symmetries on which the theory is based. The unification of strong and weak forces require an additional set of scalar and vector bosons, whose masses are expected to several orders of magnitude greater than the masses of the weak vector bosons. In the SU(5) theory, the vacuum contains more than one Higgs like field, that couples with different strength to different particles. The most important thing of SU(5) theory is that Quarks, through the new set of bosons can change into leptons. Martinus veltman says, he believes that the main concept of SU(5) theory will survive over the long run.

Moreover, if the SU(5) grand unification theory is correct and Higgs field does exist, magnetic monopoles should be created in the first few seconds of the universe. In his Nature article, Romain Hivet and colleagues describe solution based on analogy between Dirac nodal lines and topological defects in Bose condensate- a system of bosons (quantum particles of integer spin) that have condensed to predominantly occupy a single quantum state. If the condensate carries both phase and spin then the combination of a π-winding in phase and a spin flip can in principle give a monopole- like texture.

Polariton Monopoles

Hivet et al. instead constructed effective monopoles in another type of spinor Bose condensate; formed by two-dimensional exciton polaritons in a semiconductor microcavity. Exciton polaritons are quasiparticles with the mixed characteristics of a photon and an electronic excitation (an exciton). They have integer spin and a very small effective mass, which leads to effective condensation at a relatively high temperature. The wavefunction of the polariton condensate can be described by an effective field of spins interacting with a controllable effective magnetic field. The momentum, energy and spin state of the polaritons can be imaged in direct space via the distribution and polarization of the photons they emit on decay. Such magnetic textures have been considered as elements for future logic devices, hinting at a far-off application for polariton monopoles. In this regard polariton monopoles have at least one huge advantage over their rivals: owing to their photonic component they are extremely fast, with velocities approaching the speed of light.

N Rougemaille says, in his New Journal of Physics paper that their simulation work predicts that the chirality of these monopoles can be controlled without altering their charge state. This chirality breaks the vertex symmetry and triggers a directional motion of the monopole under an applied magnetic field. Their results also show that the choice of the geometrical features of the lattice can be used to turn on and off this chirality, thus allowing the investigation of chiral and achiral monopoles.

Proponents of the SU(5) theory differ over internal composition of the monopole, and over how many monopoles should exist; it is generally agreed that the monopole should have enormous mass for an elementary particle. As it happens, in the electroweak theory, the employment of only the simplest type of Higgs field leads to a relation between masses of W and Z⁰ bosons, the ratio of the mass of W bosons to the mass of Z⁰  bosons, is expresses as rho-parameter. The expected value of rho-parameter is 1, if there are more than one Higgs field the rho- parameter value can take on virtually any value, otherwise, it is implicated that only one Higgs field exists.

Progress in the mathematical theory line would ultimately indicate that the electroweak theory becomes better behaved mathematically and has more predictive power, when Higgs Boson is incorporated into it. Specifically, Higgs boson makes the theory renormalizable: given a few parameters, one can in principle calculate experimentally observable quantities to any desired precision. A nonrenormalizable theory, in contrast, has no predictive power beyond a certain limit: the theory is incomplete and solutions to certain problems are nonsense. Martinus veltman says, “I must point out, however, that electroweak theory can make powerful predictions even without the Higgs Boson.”

Thinking to go beyond……

Symmetry Breaking and Dark Matter

Another possible connection, for this hypothesis could be the way neutrinos are like building blocks for antimatter and dark matter interactions. Since, neutrinos are providing mass to antimatter and antimatter are interacting with dark matter in such a way that antimatter-darkmatter combinations are future source for making Time Travel possible. There are no such cooper pairs, because of strong electroweak symmetry breaking it is disrupted and it seems that there is a triad of neutrino, spin dependent Dirac gaugino neutralino and slepton. (Charginos, gaugino Neutralinos and Sleptons)  In this triad there is one particle which is common to either baryonic and non-baryonic masses, and it shifts its position (or, it is exchanged) from one triad of baryons to the triads of non-baryonic dark matter. The particle which is shifting its position must be the lightest candidate for the dark matter, and this must be non-decaying. There is no such majorana particles, it means, the particle which are their own antiparticle. This could be interpreted as neutrinos are kind of Dirac neutrino. Neutrinos will look as if it is its own antiparticle when seen from other side. This validates the truth that antimatter is not the mirror particle to matter, but the dark matter is. Since, neutrino provides mass to anti-matter, so it must be shifting its position from baryonic triads to non-baryonic triads, and it must be non-decaying. Actually what happens is that, baryonic triad and non-baryonic triad both have two comparatively heavy particles, and one particle is the lightest;  as on the interface surface plasmons, Fermi liquid, which is not that liquid, somewhat viscous, the less heavy particle from baryonic triad shifts to the nonbaryonic triad, and the  less heavy particle from the nonbaryonic triad, moves into the baryonic triads to take its place, which seems to be a void, but the lightest particle in the baryonic triad takes the position of the less heavy particle, in its triad, so, the less heavy particle which moves from the nonbaryonic triad, now takes the void created by the lightest particle in the baryonic triad, and it is known as wimp or most possible candidate for the dark matter. So, this is the particle, which is common to both baryonic and non baryonic masses, and the lightest particle in the baryonic triad shifts it position, in its triad, and fills the void created by the  less heavy particle from the baryonic triad, which becomes the part of the nonbaryonic triad. In the nonbaryonic triad there is one other particle comparatively heavier and the other the heaviest, which, remains in its triad only. (I don’t believe E=mc² is correct and depending on particle life time, it is impossible to predict particle mass accurately, so, I am using comparative masses)   This, shifting of particles from baryonic triad to, nonbaryonic triad, and within the baryonic triad could be compared as spinons and holons. It could be explained by modified quantum chromodynamics, or quantum holography, this is a phenomenon called Light Emitting Diaphragms (can be prepared by using some metamaterials or OLEDs), which emits light, and this light is able to change spins of the particle, and changing spins of the particle can even change its gravitational properties (Light Vortexes), vaporizing dark matter, or antigravity dark matter particles  and  or provide explanation  for the nature of nonbaryonic masses, charge, parity, and time reversal violations, shown by antimatter, and how antimatter gains its mass from neutrinos. Possible connections could be, quantum classicality, hidden variables, plasmonic resonance, surface plasmons, etc. There are several natural quantum phenomenons, which could be explained in classical scenario as well, this is still possible after considering quantum wave function as a real entity. (All these experiments, have been published in the journal Nature, till now)

                                              

                                                             The possibility of new physics is overwhelming!